Validation of a Questionnaire for Assessing Organic Architecture Components in the Design of Nature-Friendly Tourism Accommodation Complexes in Sanandaj
Keywords:
Questionnaire Validation, Organic Architecture, Tourist Accommodation Complex, Nature-Friendly, SanandajAbstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire measuring the effectiveness of organic architecture components in designing nature-friendly tourism accommodation complexes in Sanandaj. This quantitative study employed a correlational design using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The statistical population consisted of architecture and urban planning experts in Sanandaj in 2024. A sample of 404 participants was selected through convenience sampling. The instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire including 20 indicators across four components: place identity, harmony of form with nature, sustainable materials, and visual/landscape connection. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS3, and reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit indices were assessed. All factor loadings and path coefficients were statistically significant (p<0.001). Reliability indices (Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability) exceeded 0.7, and convergent validity was confirmed (AVE>0.7). Discriminant validity met the Fornell–Larcker criterion. The model demonstrated strong explanatory and predictive power (R²>0.67, Q²>0.35). The goodness-of-fit index (GOF=0.551) indicated a strong overall model fit. The developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing organic architecture components in tourism accommodation design and can support sustainable architectural and urban planning decisions.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Hamidreza Erfani (Author); Mahdi Shabanian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
