The Impact of Cultural Values on the Architecture of Ottoman Houses in Syria: Introducing Patterns of Privacy and Social Interaction

Abstract

The architecture of Ottoman-era houses in Syria, as a symbol of cultural heritage, reflects the social and cultural values that played a fundamental role in organizing residential spaces. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of cultural values on the architecture of Ottoman houses in the cities of Aleppo and Damascus and to identify patterns related to privacy and social interactions. The research adopts a qualitative, descriptive–analytical approach, grounded in both documentary and field investigations. The statistical population includes historical Ottoman houses in Aleppo and Damascus, with purposive sampling conducted on five case studies. Data were collected through field visits, photography, mapping, and the review of library sources, and were processed using comparative and content analysis methods. The findings indicate that cultural values—such as privacy and hospitality—were prominent in the spatial design of these houses. The key identified patterns include public–semi-public–private spatial layering, curved entrance corridors, and central courtyards. The observed differences between Aleppo and Damascus in courtyard dimensions, materials, and decorations were influenced by local climatic and cultural factors. The results suggest sustainable design models that can be utilized in the reconstruction of war-damaged areas in Syria and in preserving cultural identity within contemporary architecture.